Memocracy

Memocracy

The Challenge of Populist Memory Politics for Europe: Towards Effective Responses to Militant Leglislation on the Past

Team

Table of contents

Principal investigators

Prof. Angelika Nußberger

Angelika Nußberger is professor at Cologne University teaching international law and comparative constitutional law. From 2011 until 2019 she was Judge at the European Court of Human Rights elected on behalf of Germany, for three years between 2017 and 2019 its Vice-President. She is the German member of the Venice Commission and since 2021 its Vice-President, International Judge at the Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina and President of the German constitutional law professors’ association. 

In her research she has been concentrating on the influence of European human rights jurisprudence on constitutional law, especially in Eastern Europe, on the contextuality of constitutional law, dialogue between courts and the questions of rule-of-law in international law. 

Dr. Uladzislau Belavusau

Dr. Uladzislau Belavusau is a Senior Researcher in European law at the T.M.C. Asser Institute – University of Amsterdam (the Netherlands) and currently leads the Dutch team of the MEMOCRACY project (2021-2024). Previously he was an Assistant Professor of EU law and human rights at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (2011-2015) and a Principal Investigator for the MELA project (2016-2019). He holds a PhD from the European University Institute (Florence, Italy) and an LLM from the Collège d’Europe (Bruges, Belgium). Dr Belavusau has held numerous visiting research fellowships, including at the University of California (Berkeley, USA), Max-Planck-Institut für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht (Heidelberg, Germany), York University (Toronto, Canada), Tel Aviv University (Israel) and Università degli studi di Milano-Bicocca (Italy). Likewise, he has guest-lectured at the Polish Academy of Sciences (Poland), Masaryk University (Czech Republic), York University (Canada), IDC University Herzliya (Israel) and LUISS Guido Carli University in Rome (Italy) as well as several other institutions in and outside the Netherlands. He is the author of two monographs Governance of Sexual Rights in European Law (Cambridge University Press, forthcoming in 2022) and Freedom of Speech (Routledge, 2013), and co-editor of three books Constitutionalism Under Stress (Oxford University Press, 2020), EU Anti-Discrimination Law (Hart-Bloomsbury, 2018) and  Law and Memory (Cambridge University Press, 2017). His research and teaching cover various areas of EU (especially constitutional and anti-discrimination) law, comparative constitutional law, human rights and memory politics.

Dr. Aleksandra Gliszczyńska-Grabias

Dr. Aleksandra Gliszczyńska-Grabias is MEMOCRACY Principal Investigator in the Polish team. She is an Assistant Professor at the Institute of Law Studies of the Polish Academy of Sciences and an expert in the fields of anti-discrimination law, freedom of speech, and memory laws. She is co-editor and co-author of Law and Memory: Towards Legal Governance of History (CUP, 2017) and Constitutionalism under Stress (OUP, 2020). She was Bohdan Winiarski Fellow at the Lauterpacht Centre of the University of Cambridge and a Graduate Fellow at the Yale Initiative for the Interdisciplinary Study of Antisemitism, Yale University. Between 2016 and 2019 she was a Principal Investigator in the Memory Laws in European and Comparative Perspective(MELA), an international research consortium sponsored by the Humanities in the European Research Area (HERA). Apart from her academic work, Dr. Gliszczyńska-Grabias is a co-head of the Public Interest Strategic Litigation Program at one of the global law firms.

Dr. Maria Mälksoo

Dr. Maria Mälksoo is is MEMOCRACY Principal Investigator in the Danish team. She is a Senior Researcher at the Centre for Military Studies, Department of Political Science, University of Copenhagen. Her research foci are in memory politics and critical security studies. Dr Mälksoo is the author of The Politics of Becoming European: A Study of Polish and Baltic Post-Cold War Security Imaginaries (Routledge, 2010); a co-author of Remembering Katyn (Polity, 2012); an editor of the JIRD Special Issue “Uses of ‘the East’ in International Studies: provincializing IR from Central and Eastern Europe” (2021) and the Handbook on the Politics of Memory (Edward Elgar, forthcoming 2023) (see here for further publications). She has been a visiting research fellow at the Centre of International Studies, London School of Economics and Political Science (2015), and Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies (2012).

Maria Mälksoo received her Ph.D. in International Studies from the University of Cambridge (2008) and has previously worked at the University of Kent, Brussels School of International Studies (2016-2021); the University of Tartu, Estonia (2010-2016); International Centre for Defence and Security, Tallinn (2007-2010); the Estonian Ministry of Defence, and the Office of the President of Estonia. Dr. Mälksoo was the Executive Secretary of the European International Studies Association (EISA) in 2018-2021 and currently serves as the President of the Central and East European International Studies Association (CEEISA) (2019-2022). She is the editorial board member of International Political Anthropology, Contemporary Security Policy, and Global Studies Quarterly, and has previously served as an Associate Editor of New Perspectives and Global Society.

Postdoctoral researchers

Dr. Paula Fischer

Dr. Paula Fischer is a Postdoctoral Researcher at the Academy of European Human Rights Protection of the University of Cologne. In her research for the MEMOCRACY project, she focuses on the ban on genocide denials and the theoretical concepts of militant democracy, constitutional identity and populism. She defended her doctoral thesis in 2020 on factual mistakes relating to the exceptions of the use of force under UN Charter law in the Institute of International Peace and Security law of University of Cologne. She has been a Visiting Scholar at the Human Rights Institute of Columbia Law School. Paula studied German and French law at the Universities of Cologne and Paris I Panthéon-Sorbonne (LL.B./Maîtrise). In 2021, she completed her German second State Exam after being a trainee lawyer, inter alia, at the European Commission (Unit for Rule of Law and Justice Policy), the law firm CMS Hasche Sigle (Dispute Resolution), the judiciary and the prosecution service. Apart from memory laws, Paula is interested in constitutional law, comparative law and general international law. She reports for the Oxford Reports on International Law in Domestic Courts.

Dr. Grażyna Baranowska

Dr. Grażyna Baranowska, MEMOCRACY post-doc in the Polish team, is a Marie Skłodowska-Curie Postdoctoral fellow at the Hertie School in Berlin (2021-2024), as well as an assistant professor at the Institute of Law Studies of the Polish Academy of Sciences (since 2016). Previously, she was a PostDoctoral researcher in the EU-funded consortium “MELA. Memory Laws in European and Comparative Perspectives” (2016-2019), as well as a policy advisor in a project on enforced disappearances at the German Institute for Human Rights (2019-2020). Her book “Rights of Families of Disappeared Persons” was published by Intersentia in 2021.

Dr. Anna Wójcik

Dr. Anna Wójcik, MEMOCRACY post-doc in the Polish team, defended her Ph.D. in 2021 at the Polish Academy of Sciences. Anna is Re:Constitution fellow at the Democracy Institute, Central European University and Hungarian Helsinki Committee (2020/2021) and the German Marshall Fund of the United States Re:think CEE fellow (2020/2021). She has been a researcher at the Polish Academy of Sciences since 2016. In 2016-2019, Anna was a Ph.D. researcher in EU funded consortium “MELA. Memory Laws in European and Comparative Perspectives”. Prior to that, she graduated in law from Warsaw University and in sociology from Central European University. Anna co-founded and edits the rule of law in Poland monitoring projects The Wiktor Osiatyński Archive and The Rule of Law in Poland and covers the rule of law for OKO.press.

Researchers and Assistants

Simon Mensing

Simon studied law at the University of Münster and Panthéon-Assas in Paris. In the meantime, he completed a program in the Anglo-American common law. After his studies, he held positions as a research assistant in the administration of the German Bundestag (Department for International Parliamentary Assemblies) and at a labor law firm. Since November 2021, he has been a research assistant and a Ph.D. candidate at the Academy for European Human Rights Protection of the University of Cologne.

Mirosław Sadowski

Mirosław Michał Sadowski is the MEMOCRACY research assistant in the Polish team. He is a Doctor of Civil Law (DCL) candidate at McGill University’s Faculty of Law, a Research assistant at the Institute of Legal Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences (INP PAN), and a 2019 Master of Laws graduate of the University of Wrocław, Poland. His main interests lie in the intersections between law and memory, sociology of law, cultural heritage law and the law of Hong Kong and Macau SARs, but in his research he also explores international law and political science. His thesis, written under the supervision of prof. Helge Dedek, will focus on a comprehensive examination of the mechanisms controlling the relationship between law and memory. So far, Mr. MM Sadowski has participated with a paper in over thirty-five conferences, including CLC 2015 – 2018; 2021, SLSA 2016 – 2019; 2021, SLS 2020 – 2021, McGill’s GLSA 2017, 2019 – 2021, and published three book chapters, twelve articles and a conference report, with one book chapter and one article awaiting publication in 2022. In the 2020/21 academic year he held the function of VP Academic of the Graduate Law Students Association (GLSA) at the Faculty of Law, McGill University, serving as the Association’s President in the 2021/22 academic year. Mr. Sadowski speaks four languages – Polish, English, French and Portuguese – and is currently learning German and Hungarian. He is also a member of the British Socio-Legal Studies Association (SLSA), Society of Legal Scholars (SLS), Law and Society Association (LSA), Canadian Law and Society Association (ACDS/CLSA), and the Richard Wagner Society of Wrocław.

Siân Lord

Siân is a legal intern/trainee with the Asser Institute in the Netherlands where she assists with both the MEMOCRACY project and the Netherlands Network for Human Rights Research Project. Sian currently holds an Advanced Master’s in Public International Law (Specialisation: International Criminal Law) cum laude from Leiden University, the Netherlands. Prior to obtaining her master’s, she graduated with a Bachelor of Laws (Class I Honours) and Bachelor of Government and International Relations from Griffith University, Australia. In addition to this, in 2019, Sian completed her Graduate Diploma of Legal Practice and was admitted to the Supreme Court of Queensland (Australia) as a lawyer. 

Prior to joining the institute, Sian worked as a Legal Support Officer at the Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions and as a Legal Intern at Global Rights Compliance where she assisted the trial team with cases at the United Nations International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals and European Court of Human Rights. She also spent time as an International Criminal Law Fellow at the Article 33 Institute and as a Legal Researcher/Assistant for the African Centre for Peace, Justice and Human Rights.

Her main areas of interest are public international law, international human rights law, international criminal law, international humanitarian law and European law.

Memocracy

Memocracy

The Challenge of Populist Memory Politics for Europe:
Towards Effective Responses to Militant Leglislation on the Past

Newsletter

Team

Principal investigators

Prof. Angelika Nußberger

Angelika Nußberger is professor at Cologne University teaching international law and comparative constitutional law. From 2011 until 2019 she was Judge at the European Court of Human Rights elected on behalf of Germany, for three years between 2017 and 2019 its Vice-President. She is the German member of the Venice Commission and since 2021 its Vice-President, International Judge at the Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina and President of the German constitutional law professors’ association. 

In her research she has been concentrating on the influence of European human rights jurisprudence on constitutional law, especially in Eastern Europe, on the contextuality of constitutional law, dialogue between courts and the questions of rule-of-law in international law. 

Dr. Uladzislau Belavusau

Dr. Uladzislau Belavusau is a Senior Researcher in European law at the T.M.C. Asser Institute – University of Amsterdam (the Netherlands) and currently leads the Dutch team of the MEMOCRACY project (2021-2024). Previously he was an Assistant Professor of EU law and human rights at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (2011-2015) and a Principal Investigator for the MELA project (2016-2019). He holds a PhD from the European University Institute (Florence, Italy) and an LLM from the Collège d’Europe (Bruges, Belgium). Dr Belavusau has held numerous visiting research fellowships, including at the University of California (Berkeley, USA), Max-Planck-Institut für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht (Heidelberg, Germany), York University (Toronto, Canada), Tel Aviv University (Israel) and Università degli studi di Milano-Bicocca (Italy). Likewise, he has guest-lectured at the Polish Academy of Sciences (Poland), Masaryk University (Czech Republic), York University (Canada), IDC University Herzliya (Israel) and LUISS Guido Carli University in Rome (Italy) as well as several other institutions in and outside the Netherlands. He is the author of two monographs Governance of Sexual Rights in European Law (Cambridge University Press, forthcoming in 2022) and Freedom of Speech (Routledge, 2013), and co-editor of three books Constitutionalism Under Stress (Oxford University Press, 2020), EU Anti-Discrimination Law (Hart-Bloomsbury, 2018) and  Law and Memory (Cambridge University Press, 2017). His research and teaching cover various areas of EU (especially constitutional and anti-discrimination) law, comparative constitutional law, human rights and memory politics.

Dr. Aleksandra Gliszczyńska-Grabias

Dr. Aleksandra Gliszczyńska-Grabias is MEMOCRACY Principal Investigator in the Polish team. She is an Assistant Professor at the Institute of Law Studies of the Polish Academy of Sciences and an expert in the fields of anti-discrimination law, freedom of speech, and memory laws. She is co-editor and co-author of Law and Memory: Towards Legal Governance of History (CUP, 2017) and Constitutionalism under Stress (OUP, 2020). She was Bohdan Winiarski Fellow at the Lauterpacht Centre of the University of Cambridge and a Graduate Fellow at the Yale Initiative for the Interdisciplinary Study of Antisemitism, Yale University. Between 2016 and 2019 she was a Principal Investigator in the Memory Laws in European and Comparative Perspective(MELA), an international research consortium sponsored by the Humanities in the European Research Area (HERA). Apart from her academic work, Dr. Gliszczyńska-Grabias is a co-head of the Public Interest Strategic Litigation Program at one of the global law firms.

Dr. Maria Mälksoo

Dr. Maria Mälksoo is is MEMOCRACY Principal Investigator in the Danish team. She is a Senior Researcher at the Centre for Military Studies, Department of Political Science, University of Copenhagen. Her research foci are in memory politics and critical security studies. Dr Mälksoo is the author of The Politics of Becoming European: A Study of Polish and Baltic Post-Cold War Security Imaginaries (Routledge, 2010); a co-author of Remembering Katyn (Polity, 2012); an editor of the JIRD Special Issue “Uses of ‘the East’ in International Studies: provincializing IR from Central and Eastern Europe” (2021) and the Handbook on the Politics of Memory (Edward Elgar, forthcoming 2023) (see here for further publications). She has been a visiting research fellow at the Centre of International Studies, London School of Economics and Political Science (2015), and Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies (2012).

Maria Mälksoo received her Ph.D. in International Studies from the University of Cambridge (2008) and has previously worked at the University of Kent, Brussels School of International Studies (2016-2021); the University of Tartu, Estonia (2010-2016); International Centre for Defence and Security, Tallinn (2007-2010); the Estonian Ministry of Defence, and the Office of the President of Estonia. Dr. Mälksoo was the Executive Secretary of the European International Studies Association (EISA) in 2018-2021 and currently serves as the President of the Central and East European International Studies Association (CEEISA) (2019-2022). She is the editorial board member of International Political Anthropology, Contemporary Security Policy, and Global Studies Quarterly, and has previously served as an Associate Editor of New Perspectives and Global Society.

Postdoctoral researchers

Dr. Paula Fischer

Dr. Paula Fischer is a Postdoctoral Researcher at the Academy of European Human Rights Protection of the University of Cologne. In her research for the MEMOCRACY project, she focuses on the ban on genocide denials and the theoretical concepts of militant democracy, constitutional identity and populism. She defended her doctoral thesis in 2020 on factual mistakes relating to the exceptions of the use of force under UN Charter law in the Institute of International Peace and Security law of University of Cologne. She has been a Visiting Scholar at the Human Rights Institute of Columbia Law School. Paula studied German and French law at the Universities of Cologne and Paris I Panthéon-Sorbonne (LL.B./Maîtrise). In 2021, she completed her German second State Exam after being a trainee lawyer, inter alia, at the European Commission (Unit for Rule of Law and Justice Policy), the law firm CMS Hasche Sigle (Dispute Resolution), the judiciary and the prosecution service. Apart from memory laws, Paula is interested in constitutional law, comparative law and general international law. She reports for the Oxford Reports on International Law in Domestic Courts.

Dr. Grażyna Baranowska

Dr. Grażyna Baranowska, MEMOCRACY post-doc in the Polish team, is a Marie Skłodowska-Curie Postdoctoral fellow at the Hertie School in Berlin (2021-2024), as well as an assistant professor at the Institute of Law Studies of the Polish Academy of Sciences (since 2016). Previously, she was a PostDoctoral researcher in the EU-funded consortium “MELA. Memory Laws in European and Comparative Perspectives” (2016-2019), as well as a policy advisor in a project on enforced disappearances at the German Institute for Human Rights (2019-2020). Her book “Rights of Families of Disappeared Persons” was published by Intersentia in 2021.

Dr. Anna Wójcik

Dr. Anna Wójcik, MEMOCRACY post-doc in the Polish team, defended her Ph.D. in 2021 at the Polish Academy of Sciences. Anna is Re:Constitution fellow at the Democracy Institute, Central European University and Hungarian Helsinki Committee (2020/2021) and the German Marshall Fund of the United States Re:think CEE fellow (2020/2021). She has been a researcher at the Polish Academy of Sciences since 2016. In 2016-2019, Anna was a Ph.D. researcher in EU funded consortium “MELA. Memory Laws in European and Comparative Perspectives”. Prior to that, she graduated in law from Warsaw University and in sociology from Central European University. Anna co-founded and edits the rule of law in Poland monitoring projects The Wiktor Osiatyński Archive and The Rule of Law in Poland and covers the rule of law for OKO.press.

Researchers and Assistants

Simon Mensing

Simon studied law at the University of Münster and Panthéon-Assas in Paris. In the meantime, he completed a program in the Anglo-American common law. After his studies, he held positions as a research assistant in the administration of the German Bundestag (Department for International Parliamentary Assemblies) and at a labor law firm. Since November 2021, he has been a research assistant and a Ph.D. candidate at the Academy for European Human Rights Protection of the University of Cologne.

Mirosław Sadowski

Mirosław Michał Sadowski is the MEMOCRACY research assistant in the Polish team. He is a Doctor of Civil Law (DCL) candidate at McGill University’s Faculty of Law, a Research assistant at the Institute of Legal Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences (INP PAN), and a 2019 Master of Laws graduate of the University of Wrocław, Poland. His main interests lie in the intersections between law and memory, sociology of law, cultural heritage law and the law of Hong Kong and Macau SARs, but in his research he also explores international law and political science. His thesis, written under the supervision of prof. Helge Dedek, will focus on a comprehensive examination of the mechanisms controlling the relationship between law and memory. So far, Mr. MM Sadowski has participated with a paper in over thirty-five conferences, including CLC 2015 – 2018; 2021, SLSA 2016 – 2019; 2021, SLS 2020 – 2021, McGill’s GLSA 2017, 2019 – 2021, and published three book chapters, twelve articles and a conference report, with one book chapter and one article awaiting publication in 2022. In the 2020/21 academic year he held the function of VP Academic of the Graduate Law Students Association (GLSA) at the Faculty of Law, McGill University, serving as the Association’s President in the 2021/22 academic year. Mr. Sadowski speaks four languages – Polish, English, French and Portuguese – and is currently learning German and Hungarian. He is also a member of the British Socio-Legal Studies Association (SLSA), Society of Legal Scholars (SLS), Law and Society Association (LSA), Canadian Law and Society Association (ACDS/CLSA), and the Richard Wagner Society of Wrocław.

Siân Lord

Siân is a legal intern/trainee with the Asser Institute in the Netherlands where she assists with both the MEMOCRACY project and the Netherlands Network for Human Rights Research Project. Sian currently holds an Advanced Master’s in Public International Law (Specialisation: International Criminal Law) cum laude from Leiden University, the Netherlands. Prior to obtaining her master’s, she graduated with a Bachelor of Laws (Class I Honours) and Bachelor of Government and International Relations from Griffith University, Australia. In addition to this, in 2019, Sian completed her Graduate Diploma of Legal Practice and was admitted to the Supreme Court of Queensland (Australia) as a lawyer. 

Prior to joining the institute, Sian worked as a Legal Support Officer at the Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions and as a Legal Intern at Global Rights Compliance where she assisted the trial team with cases at the United Nations International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals and European Court of Human Rights. She also spent time as an International Criminal Law Fellow at the Article 33 Institute and as a Legal Researcher/Assistant for the African Centre for Peace, Justice and Human Rights.

Her main areas of interest are public international law, international human rights law, international criminal law, international humanitarian law and European law.